Something Irish

“Is it true that, in America, they think eastern Europe is like, just a single country? And they don’t know the difference?”  I was in a hostel in Budapest yesterday and overheard (re: eavesdropped upon) a German girl asking a Canadian girl this.   The Canadian went on to explain that, while she wasn’t sure about that in particular, the American outlook is much more parochial, and that they (we) don’t care much about the rest of the world.

Now, unfortunately, I admit there is probably some truth to that characterization (though I hope most of us are at least aware that there is more than one country in eastern Europe).  Still, I found myself somewhat annoyed by a description claiming categorically that “Americans are ___”.  In America we are many things at the same time, often paradoxically so, and it is the sum of all of these moving parts that makes for our dynamic and diverse society.

So, for a concluding blog entry, I did *not* want to write about how I learned that “Ireland is X, unlike America, which is Y”.  I have seen over the past year that Ireland is a dynamic and increasingly diverse place in its own right, which is unfair to paint in such broad strokes.  Still, in the spirit of a final blog post, here are some relatively superficial observations:

  1. The rounds system is both a great way to make friends and a terrible model for teaching principles of fiscal responsibility (I blame the rounds system for the collapse of the Celtic Tiger)(j/k)
  2. The west of Ireland, from Donegal in the north down to Kerry in the south, is as beautiful as anywhere I’ve been in the world (especially when you get the weather)
  3. Diving in Ireland is beautiful, but, without a drysuit, it is freezing (especially in March!)
  4. I’ve tried, and I’m sorry, but I still don’t get what the fuss over Eurovision is about.
  5. The Guinness *does* taste better in Ireland

In all seriousness, as my time in Ireland comes to a close, I am both anxious and excited to start taking my next steps towards something resembling a stable career path.  I’ll be starting a PhD in physics at Harvard next year, and I will also be affiliated with the Harvard/MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology training program.  I hope to build upon my background in physics, and my more recent work in nanoscience and bioengineering, to explore how physical principles and tools can be used to understand and manipulate biological systems. Two particular research directions I’m interested in are 1) building tools for precision measurement and control of biological systems, and 2) understanding how we can do a better job of “building with biology”.  I think that progress in understanding intelligence (both natural and ‘artificial’), as well as progress in our ability to manage the living environment of our planet, are two major trends which will immensely influence (if not dictate) the future of our world.  I am hopeful that the coming years will leave me well positioned both to help realize the potential benefits of this research as well as to caution against risks that the technologies it enables might carry.

I have been grateful for the time I have had in Europe, and especially in Ireland, to explore both intellectually and geographically (I still have one last adventure planned for the summer).  But I am very ready at this point to put down some roots and be in one place for longer than a year.  I read recently that, when Robert Frost gave a speech at JFK’s inauguration, he leaned in to him and said something to the effect of: “You’ve something of Harvard and something of Ireland in you.  Be more Irish than Harvard”.  I can’t make any promises myself, but I will certainly remember my time here in Ireland fondly as I begin the next chapter.

Posted in Class of 2014, Trinity College Dublin | Leave a comment

Life and Donuts

I’m writing my fourth and final Mitchell blog on the CityLink bus. My stories regarding Ireland are pretty slim due to the fact that I have been in Ireland very little since our last blog. I spent most of the last two months in New Mexico and Oklahoma conducting thesis research and doing my darndest to eat my weight in green chile. Given the combination of my extreme carsickness (if I never see another roundabout, I will be perfectly happy with the way my life turned out) and fatigue from finishing up my final essays, this post may be a bit shorter than previous entries.

For the past nine months, Galway has been my home. And I’ve looked at it just that way. I never really took a lot of time to explore Ireland as a tourist. Thus, I’m spending my last two weeks in Ireland experiencing the things I’ve missed through tourist goggles. My parents visited last week and my girlfriend is on a flight to Dublin at this very moment, so I’ve tried packing in as many sights as possible into my last few days. In Dublin, this meant finally waiting in line to stand on my tip-toes to look over shoulders to see the Book of Kells, meditating in St. Patrick’s and Christ Church Cathedrals, listening to trad music sessions at The Brazen Head, and feeding the ducks in St. Stephen’s Green. Next, we made our way to Kilkenny, quite possibly one of the finest medieval cities I’ve visited (naturally, I’ve visited so many medieval cities during my time in Oklahoma and Texas). My preferred method of touring, getting lost and walking towards things that look interesting, was perfectly suited for Kilkenny. I explored Kilkenny Castle, the Black Abbey, St. Canice’s Cathedral, and watched the Cats win their third straight Allianz Hurling League championship. Back in the west of Ireland, I toured Connemara and Kylemore Abbey and hiked the limestone mountains of the Burren before crisscrossing the country to play with lemurs and meerkats at Fota Wildlife Park.

I feel like the final blog is supposed to be about how the program completely altered my life or gave me a new outlook that will allow me to make my mark on the world. At the end of the day, it would be disingenuous to say I learned any life-changing lessons over the past year or to try to force a connection between my academic experiences at NUIG and my future career in America. However, I am forever grateful to have been given this opportunity. Never in my wildest dreams could I have imagined living in Galway, one of the most incredible cities in the world, or exploring European cities that I’ve read about in history books and novels, or bonding with my wonderful and welcoming classmates over American football at 4 in the morning, or meeting and traveling with an incredible group of scholars who will not only add positive value to the world, but are also just a darn good group of folks. Those little experiences, the memories I’ve made with the people who welcomed me to their city and into their lives, those are my favorite takeaways from the past year. Well, that and eating donuts from the Donut Man in the Galway weekend market. Seriously, your time on earth is not complete without experiencing the greatness of these donuts. If you’re looking for a life-changer, the Galway Donut Man has you covered.

Posted in Class of 2014, National University of Ireland Galway, Uncategorized | Leave a comment

Social Enterprise, Community Development and Take-Home Lessons

Somehow, between my research interests and my project with DARD, I’ve become completely immersed in the world of social enterprise. A social enterprise is a business with primarily social objectives whose surpluses are principally reinvested for that purpose in the business or the community rather than being driven by the need to maximize profits for shareholders or owners. It can be the business arm of a charity (like the charity shops), a catering business, or an arts venture. The possibilities for social enterprises are endless. The government here has acknowledged the ability of social enterprises to address social issues that the government has found difficult to tackle. And, as a person interested in finding community based solutions to embedded social issues, I find social enterprises to be particularly exciting. Northern Ireland is full of successful models that I hope can one day be adapted to fit the needs of poverty-stricken communities in rural Alabama.

One of the best examples of community based problem solving I’ve seen in Northern Ireland came from a community association in rural County Derry. The community members wanted to preserve the Irish language in their community. Additionally, they were concerned with the lack of economic opportunities for their young people. The organization, which is completely volunteer based, now operates an Irish speaking school for children in the area as well as language classes for adults. Additionally, they have created an entertainment venue that operates as a social enterprise. The venue can be rented to those in need of a space, and there is self-catering accommodation that goes along with it. The venue solves several problems—it brings entertainment to the remote location, employs young people through its catering business, and generates revenue for the organization.

I found this community’s approach to development to be inspiring. Personally, I believe the most important thing this community has done is built its own capacity to enact change from within. Of course, they can’t always address every issue within their own borders. In our highly globalized world, that would be a preposterous notion. Sometimes there are too many external factors at play. But, their community-based approaches have touched several issues, including social isolation, joblessness and education. More than likely, I will have extended contact with this association throughout the summer as I work on a few projects. I look forward to learning from them.

Some of the lessons I’m learning about social enterprise here can be directly applicable to places like Alabama. I believe that social enterprises can be of great use there. Alabamians (and Southerners in general) tend to be wary of the direct hand of the government when it comes to social intervention. But, social enterprises create a compromise. If the government creates favorable conditions for social innovation, then citizens are free to create effective community-based solutions. Is it a panacea for all of rural Northern Ireland or Alabama’s problems? No. But, it should be added to the toolbox. I’m excited to learn more about social enterprises here and hope that I can use that knowledge at home.

Posted in Class of 2014, Development, Queen's University Belfast | Leave a comment

Advancing the Public Debate on Sexual Assault – from a Survivor

This week, The Huffington Post ran my article on sexual assault, written in response to an anonymous op-ed by a Harvard undergraduate, which recently enraged many people.

I felt that as a Harvard alumna and an “out” survivor of a highly-publicized rape, I had a certain duty to speak out about the appalling fact that many educational institutions — when confronted by a sexual assault between students — often prefer to sweep everything under the carpet.   If you read my article and agree with it, please do share it.  It’s time educational institutions took the issue of sexual assault and the ethics of their students seriously.  And only a public and visible dialogue will prompt any kind of improvement.

As you may know, I was raped while visiting Belfast for a Mitchell Scholar reunion in April 2008.   My assailant was a 15-year-old boy who followed me in a park one afternoon.  Since then, I’ve realized how important it is to pierce the embarrassed public silence which often hangs over the issue of rape — a crime which is shockingly frequent and often silently devastating for its victims.  So I’ve never hesitated when asked to talk about it on radio, in print, in books.

Many thanks for those of you in the US-Ireland Alliance community who have shown me support and encouragement in dealing with my own assault.  Without this kind of support, I would find it much more difficult to speak out about the issue.

As for my assailant, his story continues in interesting ways. In 2012, he had violated his parole in Northern Ireland, gone missing, been re-arrested in Dublin, and then released on bail by District Court Judge John Lindsay (despite the objections of the Garda).  And then of course, escaped again and vanished.

Last November, he was finally re-arrested after having gone missing for over a year.

This week (on the same day that my article went live on the Huffington Post), I received an email from the police informing me that he had been transferred back to Belfast after serving time in Dublin.  He has the legal right to apply for High Court bail and has been remanded in custody until next Saturday, April 12.

Coincidentally, next Saturday will also be the 6-year anniversary of the attack.  As I grow into my mid-30s, many of my friends have wedding anniversaries and increasingly, children’s birthdays to celebrate. But I think it is equally important that we take the time to commemorate those “dark days” which sometimes befall us in our lifetimes. Otherwise, we don’t really appreciate our non-dark days.

Each year, on the second Saturday of April, I walk around a park on my own — wherever in the world I happen to be.   Last year, it was Fort Canning Park in Singapore, and the year before, it was Al-Bidda Park in Doha.  This year, it’ll be somewhere in London.

At any rate, if you ask me what I’m currently doing in London, I’m enrolled in a Creative Writing MA at Goldsmiths, University of London, and hard at work on a novel inspired by the attack — both my assailant’s story and mine.

It’s called Dark Chapter.  The first draft will be finished in the next few months — but maybe some chapters in our life never really finish.

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Mitchells for Maths! A story of cross-class service

Last week, thanks to Midwest, Southeast, LMFM, and KFM, I got my 5 minutes of local Irish radio interview fame talking about the MATHletes Challenge 2014, my current project as Public Policy Advisor with SOSventures and the O’Sullivan Foundation. MATHletes (mathletes.ie) is a pioneering maths tournament that aims to improve Irish students’ abilities in STEM (science, technology, engineering and math) subjects.  In partnership with the Department of Education, we are bringing the free online learning platform Khan Academy to impact policy and practice at the national level,  hoping to raise the overall level of maths, engineering, and technical competencies of Irish graduates. With 44,500 new Information and Communications Technology (ICT) jobs to be created in the next 6 years, and 9 of the top 10 global pharmaceutical companies with operations in Ireland, skilled technical graduates are in high demand.

As a George J. Mitchell Scholar I came to Ireland in 2012 for a year of post-graduate study at University College Cork, where I studied government and philanthropic foundations.  I never imagined staying in Ireland beyond that year, but here I am.   With an introduction from the US-Ireland Alliance to Sean O’Sullivan, an Irish-American technology entrepreneur based in Ireland, I now work for his foundation on – among other things – MATHletes.

Realising that my junior high school geometry proofs were a bit rusty, and that I had not taken a math class since my freshman year in college, I decided to turn to the Mitchell network for a bit of help with MATHletes. Turns out, two Mitchell Scholars, Lucas Mason-Brown and Mark Brennan, are both studying mathematics (at Trinity and the University of Limerick, respectively).  Both are math geniuses but are also interested in math education (not a surprise given that one of the criteria for winning a Mitchell is being someone who gives back).  Lucas is doing research on Irish curriculum reform, and Mark regularly tutors disadvantaged Limerick students in maths.

A few cups of tea later, I had the two lads on board to help with the MATHletes Challenge. I am still not sure if they realized what they were getting themselves into. They have jumped into the deep end – working with a small team from Maths Circles Ireland and volunteers on the Challenge Problem Council – coming up with weekly problem sets for competitors and helping design the in-person finals.

With over 2,000 students and 275 teachers from 220 schools from across Ireland signed up, our intergenerational Mitchell project is keeping us busy and hopefully helping Irish teachers and educators better serve their students.

MATHletes is an excellent example of US-Ireland cooperation. The project started with a US nonprofit Khan Academy, was introduced to Ireland by an Irish-American entrepreneur, and is being implemented across the country by a team of Irish educators and US Mitchell Scholars.  Not only will it improve mathematics education in Ireland, it will also contribute to Ireland’s image as an innovator in technology education.

Establishing meaningful connections between entities such as the O’Sullivan Foundation and the Mitchell Scholarship is a key goal of the US-Ireland Alliance.

I am happy and proud to represent the George Mitchell scholarship, and sincerely believe the power of Mitchell alumni and friends is limitless.  If you are interested in learning more about the MATHletes Challenge, please get in touch at kelly.kirkpatrick@sosventures.com.

Posted in Class of 2012, mathematics, Uncategorized, University College Cork | Tagged , , , | Leave a comment

Belfast and Belgium

To describe the last few weeks as a “whirlwind” would be a bit of an understatement. I’m writing this blog post near Gate 22 at the Brussels South Charleroi Airport waiting on my red eye flight back to Dublin.  This has been one of my first chances to organize my thoughts, which I’ll try to do quickly before Ryanair Flight 43 leaves Belgium without me.

Two weeks ago, I made the six-hour trek to Belfast for our spring retreat. Seeing Belfast firsthand and walking past the walled interfaces has been something I’ve looked forward to since arriving in Ireland. We spent our first day exploring the city and delving into its politics and social divides. In the morning, we met with two Ministers at Stormont, the seat of the Northern Ireland Assembly and the Northern Ireland Executive. As we learned, politicians in the North always come in pairs: Unionists and Republicans. That afternoon, Dom Bryan of Queens University Belfast took us on a tour of the peace murals and divided neighborhoods of Belfast. Previously, Belfast looked to me just like any other industrial city. Yet walking past buildings and memorials exalting paramilitary units and seeing the multi-story walls designed to deter future violence drove home the point that I had found myself in a truly unique place where the wounds of the recent past have yet to completely heal.

One particular mural stood out to me as a reminder of home: a painting on a Nationalist peace wall calling for the presidential pardon of Leonard Peltier, a Native American activist serving two life sentences since 1977. Though I knew Peltier’s case had been placed on Amnesty International’s list of “Unfair Trials” and serves as a point of contention among the Indian community, I did not expect to see such a powerful tribute 4,116 miles from the Pine Ridge Reservation. To anyone who is unfamiliar with the 1975 shootout at Pine Ridge, its aftermath, or the American Indian Movement, I suggest watching this powerful overview of Peltier’s story: Incident at Ogala: The Leonard Peltier Story.

The next day consisted of a trip around the Antrim Coast to the incredible natural wonders of Northern Ireland, mainly Giant’s Causeway and Carrick a Rede Island. The wild beauty of the land and coast provided a sharp contrast to the rough industrial feel of urban Belfast. Standing on the point of the Grand Causeway watching the waves crash into the rocks and spitting out sea foam definitely served as a clear, “Woah, I’m really here” moment.

As I said earlier, I’m writing this post from an airport bench in Belgium. Belgium has long been on my European bucket list, though I must say that I never actually imagined having the opportunity to be here. Belgium plays a pretty sizable role in my life. I suppose you could say a Belgian family is why I get the chance to be here today. On October 18, 1944, my grandfather’s P-51 was struck by flak during his 64th fighter mission and he was forced to bail out over what he thought was behind enemy lines. He landed in a tree, breaking his back and leg. Luckily, my grandfather, who was only 21 years old at the time, had bailed out over Belgium, where a young girl helped him out of the tree and took him to a farmhouse in a wheelbarrow, where he remained until Allied forces discovered his location and returned him to a hospital.

I tried my best to find the exact location of the farm where my grandfather landed, but could not. Nevertheless, I have always wanted to come back to the place where Lieutenant Tom Tipps’s military career ended, and it’s been an amazing trip. I’ve not had a map since arriving, so I spent my first day exploring Brussels, a relatively young European capital, looking at the contrasting building styles of 18th century Flemish architecture and the state of the art European Parliament complex. I must say, I prefer the stone and towering golden spires of old Brussels to the glass and granite of the newer parts of town. Next, I walked the canals of Ghent, where I tried the world’s greatest dark chocolate covered waffle, and wandered through the medieval alleys of Bruges, one of the most beautiful cities I’ve had the pleasure of visiting and home to the Frietmusum. Finally, I finished my trip at Antwerp, a more upscale city, where I walked through the gallery at Rubenshuis and marveled at Gutenberg Bibles in the Museum Plantin-Moretus. Belgium had so much more to offer, but I was short on time and, sadly, missed out on visiting Bastogne, Waterloo, or one of the famed Trappist breweries.

With that, it looks like I have about three minutes to scarf down a quick breakfast and join the boarding queue for my flight. My adventures will continue next week, though I’ll be back on the American side of the Atlantic visiting Acoma Pueblo in New Mexico. I’ll miss Galway, but man, I cannot wait to feel desert sun again.

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Looking for Answers

Studying foreign policy and diplomacy as an American in a foreign country is complicated enough. Add in the minor detail that I am in the Navy and it becomes a whole new ballgame. For a lot of my classmates, I am the first member of the US military that they have met. Because of this, they are demanding some answers. They want to know why the United States invaded Iraq and Afghanistan, why the United States intervened in Haiti in 1994, or why President Johnson called for escalation in Vietnam in 1965? To respond to these remarkably complex questions from my point of view I start by saying, “Well… I was not alive in 1965. I was learning how to ride a bike in 1994, and as for Iraq and Afghanistan; I’m sorry to say that I did not have the ear of the president as a teenager.” I then go on to explain that I am a student just as they are, and we are all on the quest for answers. The problem with answers is that they are hard to come by. My academic experience prior to this year had been almost entirely technical. I could find the displacement of a hull, I could solve that differential equation, and I could get the answers to the problems placed before me. This year, answers have been quite hard to find, and if it exists, they are ambiguous at best. The best we can do is read, listen, and never stop looking for the answers.

A few weeks ago, I attended a lecture by a former UN peacekeeper and election monitor. He delivered his two-hour lecture in the form of a collection of stories, each one more inspiring and impressive than the last. However, there was a common thread woven through each story. At some point in each one, an American contingent would enter and screw up everything. Like a bull in a china shop, the US forces would set the international peace keeping mission back several months. At the end of his lecture he said, “I suppose I should have asked this at the beginning, but are there any Americans here?” I slowly raised my hand, to which he said, “oh I apologize, surely I must have offended you. May I ask what you are doing for employment after this year of study?” To which, my classmates began laughing. The thing was, I wasn’t offended at all. One of the reasons I came to Ireland to study is to get a different perspective, to hear criticism of the US, and to develop a better understanding of the international system. With three weeks of class left, I can safely say that I have done just that. I have developed a better foundation of knowledge. I have adopted a different understanding of the global system. Finally, I learned US foreign policy from an international perspective, which is something that will prove invaluable in the coming years.

Posted in Class of 2014, University College Cork, US Military | Tagged | Leave a comment

Some Things I’ve Been Thinking About

When you think about it, math is pretty simple. I don’t mean to say that math is easy. “Simple,” rather, in a sort of ontological sense. Most of the basic formulas of mathematics are constructed from a remarkably small set of elementary operations – operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. What’s more, many of these operations are reducible to one another. When we talk about multiplication (of counting numbers, anyway), we’re really talking about iterated addition. Recall, 4 x 5 is just 4 + 4 + … + 4, five times. When we talk about exponentiation (e.g. 45), we’re really talking about iterated multiplication (4 x 4 x …  x 4, five times). Of course, there’s nothing particularly surprising about this underlying simplicity, since mathematics, in a certain sense, is invented. To a mathematical formalist, there are as many or few operations as mathematicians choose to define.

The simplicity of mathematics is an interesting observation only insofar as it relates to the structure of the physical world. The truly surprising observation is not that mathematics is generated by a small collection of interconnected operations, but that these operations appear to be sufficient for describing the natural universe. The fact is, even the most complex physical laws are expressible as equations, which are composed from a small handful of mathematical ingredients. Since our objects of study in physics are things like fields, vectors, and differential forms – often too complicated to be compressed into a single number or data point — these ingredients are more sophisticated than their arithmetic counterparts. Physicists deal with operations like gradient, curl, divergence, and surface integral. But as with arithmetic, these operations are closely intertwined. In fact the first three operations listed above are particular cases of the very general notion of a derivative, which is ubiquitous in physics. All of this leads to the rather natural question: if the laws of physics are constructed from a mere handful of mathematical operations, what do these privileged operations have in common, and what precludes other operations from making it into this list?

This is the driving question behind my research this year, and quite a bit is already known. What distinguishes the kinds of operations that play a role in physics from all the others one might wish to define is a special property called “naturality.” Although its technical definition is somewhat involved, the basic principle is simple. Mathematical objects often enjoy certain symmetries. A sphere, for example, is symmetric under arbitrary rotations in space. A mattress is symmetric under a group of symmetries generated by the three elementary “flips,” one for each axis of rotation (the technical name for this group of symmetries is the “Klein Group,” after the German mathematician Felix Klein). A natural operation is simply an operation which respects or preserves these underlying symmetries.

Thanks to the work of many mathematicians, we know a lot about natural operations. But there are a few salient gaps. My hope this year is to fill in some of these gaps, demonstrating that the operations used in physics are in fact the only natural operations, in the sense described above. Why would such a result matter? A result like this would rule out the possibility of some crucial operation that we’ve somehow missed or overlooked in physics (no one suspects this to be the case, but it would be nice to know for sure). A complete classification of natural operators would provide physicists of the future with a mathematical template for formulating physical laws. It would also, I think, raise interesting questions about the importance of naturality in physics, which I believe have not been adequately answered.

Posted in Class of 2014, mathematics, Trinity College Dublin | Leave a comment

Rain or Shine

I had been cooped up in my dorm room for what felt like an eternity finishing several papers when I peered out the window and noticed the sun shining brightly onto the quad. Having not seen the sun in days, I decided to take advantage of this rare sunny Dublin winter day. I closed my laptop, threw on my helmet, hopped on my bike, and started making my way over to the coast. Fifteen minutes later I was greeted by the rough chop of the Irish Sea and the sweet smell of its salty waters.

However, as so often happens in Ireland, the sun-filled sky quickly transformed into a series of ominous black clouds racing towards me. Seconds later I was reaching into the depths of my pack searching for my rain jacket (at this point I refuse to leave home without one regardless of how sunny it may be) as the hail pelted me. With the 30 mph wind hurling hailstones at me, I retreated to the warm and dry confines of my dorm room.

The Irish rain and I have developed a love-hate relationship in my short tenure on the Emerald Isle. Most mornings I walk to class in the midst of a deluge. With my hood tightly gripping my head and my feet nimbly avoiding puddles, I curse the rain as I push through the downpour and howling winds. However, on the weekends when I escape the confines of life on campus and head into the Irish countryside, I appreciate how the rain has created and sustained the verdant landscape and the rushing rivers filled with trout and salmon. Enveloped in my waterproof waders and Gore-tex raincoat, the rains, no matter how furious, do not bother me.

The Irish rain giveth and taketh away. In February I had plans to fish some of the trout-filled rivers of Cork with Jon Poole. However, weeks of rain had flooded southern Ireland and inundated the streets of Cork. Fishing was impossible that weekend, but we could have kayaked through the streets of downtown Cork had we been properly equipped.

Over the coming weeks, the rain slowed allowing the rivers to retreat back within their banks, which opened up a world of possibility. I took the train from Dublin up to Dundalk and spent the next three days fishing with Eamonn Conway, a guide and former member of the Irish National Fishing Team. For three days, we plied the fertile waters of Ireland for native brown trout.

Eamonn insisted on showcasing the breadth of Ireland’s fishery, so we fished eight rivers over the course of three days.  It was an amazing display of diversity as each was more beautiful than the former and the fish were eager to take a fly everywhere we went.  Despite the number of rivers we fished, Eamonn maintained that we only saw a small number of rivers that comprise his homewaters of Northeast Ireland.

On our last afternoon together, we stood by the river sipping tea and discussing the bounty that the Irish rains produce.  Although it can wreak havoc on fishing plans some weekends and be a nuisance when walking to class, the rain is the lifeblood of the rich green lands I have grown so fond of.  As we drove to the train station, Eamonn invited me to return to Dundalk in April to further explore these immaculate waters and beautiful wild trout.  I told him I would be there rain or shine.

Posted in Class of 2014, Natural Resources, University College Dublin | Leave a comment

North

Three weeks ago we made our way up to Belfast for the spring Mitchell weekend and a chance to learn a bit about Northern Ireland.  I was looking forward to seeing part of the island I hadn’t gotten to yet, as well as to re-visiting Giant’s Causeway—as a little girl I’d thought the hexagonal slabs of basalt there were about the coolest thing I’d ever seen.  I have to admit, however, that I was also a bit ambivalent about heading north.  Surprisingly few Irish people my own age seem to have been across the border, and I’ve often heard people express some version of “We’re just not interested.”  Part of this is simply an economic reluctance, no doubt—a country that is just emerging from a financial crisis is unlikely to be particularly interested in a neighbor with a budget deficit of ten million pounds a year.  But I’ve also gotten a sense of something bordering on embarrassment, a feeling that the Republic has moved more quickly beyond religious and class tensions than Northern Ireland has, and doesn’t wish to be burdened with the bloodier past and tenser present of the north.  I’m sure this is a more complex feeling than I know or understand, but I think I subconsciously took onboard some of this reluctance.

I also wasn’t really sure to what degree I wanted to tease out what exactly my own political views in NI might be.  I didn’t want to do the linguistic tip-toeing of a name like “Derry/Londonderry,” but I also didn’t feel like it was quite my ground to stake. I didn’t feel capable of the impartiality of an observer, but I was doubtful of the right of anyone who hasn’t lived in the reality of conflict to have an opinion on the best way forward.

Once we were in Belfast, though, I found it fascinating.  It both felt and didn’t feel like the Ireland I’ve been getting to know.  I brought my passport in case I needed it on the train, but then almost forgot to withdraw pounds when I arrived.  Above all, I felt like I was missing the subtext behind a great deal of what was said and written.  In many ways it felt like much of public life was phrased in a code that, without having grown up with the key, I only had clues to decipher.  My favorite poet, the late Seamus Heaney, expresses this beautifully, calling Northern Ireland “land of password, handgrip, wink and nod.”  The cost of getting the winks and nods wrong now is thankfully far lower, but so much about life in Northern Ireland still feels governed by a complex network of symbols and signs.  It’s why efforts like the 2013 Haass Talks to regulate symbolic acts like parading and flag-flying elicit such visceral graffiti as “Stuff Haass up your ass.”  It’s why, as Dom Bryan explained on our mural tour, you can sometimes find swastikas and Israeli flags side-by-side without it seeming at all strange to those who put them up.  You could spend a lifetime trying to tease out exactly what everything means, and I found myself wanting to try.

I also had a powerful sense of possibility.  There seemed to be a definite consensus on the importance of a number of social issues, as well as a lot of energy about to address them. For instance, I read several of the Minister for Education’s speeches online before our meeting with him.  In every one I was struck by the detail, the local nature, and the intense engagement with the nitty-gritty of how to effect change.  I know Northern Ireland is not that large a place, but it’s hard to imagine the top education authority in Nebraska or West Virginia (states with comparable population) discussing changes in enrollment in small neighborhoods or the amalgamation of individual schools.  I can’t help but think that in a place with a history like Northern Ireland’s, this commitment to giving real weight to local concerns is the only way forward.  It left me both interested in and hopeful about Northern Ireland’s future, and wanting to come back.

Posted in Class of 2014, Northern Ireland, University College Cork | Leave a comment

Unwiring the brain

As the new year has rolled on, I have started to enter the “business” end of the year, as it were.  Classes have wrapped up for the most part, and now I am spending most of my time getting my research project up and running. I’m hoping to finish up my thesis in the early part of the summer so that I will have time both to intellectually decompress before starting my PhD in the fall (as well as a chance for some final adventures before putting down some proper roots).

My project is applying a technique called optogenetics to the study of “place cells” in the hippocampus.  The hippocampus is a structure deep in the brain which is associated with episodic memory consolidation (patients with hippocampal lesions experience anterograde amnesia – they retain previous memories but will not even remember the therapist they meet each day).  Neural recordings taken from the rat hippocampus have revealed cells with spatial tuned firing fields: for example, one neuron will fire whenever the rat is in a particular corner of the arena.  These “place cells” collectively form something of a mental GPS system through which the rat can represent and navigate space.  By understanding the dynamics of spatial representation in the brain, we hope to gain general insight into the function of hippocampal circuits, and into how to repair them when they go wrong (as they do in Alzheimer’s disease).

The particular stimulation technique we are using – optogenetics –  uses light to directly stimulate activity (thus ‘opto-‘) in genetically targeted neurons (‘-genetics’).  This light-sensitivity is not natural: neurons are normally driven by electrical signals, but the genetic expression of microbe-derived opsin proteins (similar to those that allow your eye to sense light) endows the neurons with this sensitivity.  The optogenetics toolkit is relatively well-established worldwide, but this is (to my knowledge) the first implementation of the technique in Trinity (and indeed in Ireland).

A mouse with an optical fiber in its brain (John Carnett/Popular Science)

As a scientist who cares about the moral dimensions of research, the implications of these and other emerging techniques in neurotechnology are not lost on me.  The prospect that a brain can be precisely manipulated by light (or indeed by any stimulus) is both fascinating and disturbing.  President Obama recently launched the BRAIN initiative to fund research towards mapping all of the connections in the human brain (the human “connectome”), and many have drawn analogy between this project and the human genome project.  While different in import respects, I think the comparison is apt in terms of the ambitious scale and scientific consequences of both projects: the sequencing of the human genome was arguably the greatest technical milestone since the moon landing.

The prospect of knowing the genomes of individual persons has already raised a host of ethical questions; the prospect of mapping a human connectome would undoubtedly create even more.  Suppose a person’s consciousness can be reduced to this physical substrate: to the pattern of structural and functional connectivity in her brain, and to the computational rules that give rise to higher cognition.  What then of a world in which a brain can be unwired and decoded; even downloaded, emulated, or build from scratch?  For now this remains the domain of science fiction, but science is moving in this direction.  At what speed, it is hard to say.  Human curiosity is a powerful force; if we do ever reach such a day, we will require an equal measure of wisdom to ensure that we responsibly manage this knowledge and any new technologies it enables.

Posted in Class of 2014, Medicine, Trinity College Dublin | Leave a comment

Education and Foundations in Ireland

The experience of finding a topic for my first Mitchell blog in October was so traumatic, that since that frantic fall night I have been slowly stockpiling blog topics. Today, with only five months and one remaining blog left before I return to the US, I realize I have to begin dipping into this carefully built WordPress-worthy arsenal of observations, commentaries, and reflections about my time in Ireland or it will all go to waste. Below are some thoughts on Irish secondary and tertiary education, and the role foundations play in Ireland.

Since September I have been tutoring high school math through a federally funded community development program based in Limerick City designed for lower income students. Dependent on parent and student volunteers, and the guidance of a dedicated and over-stretched administrator, the tutoring program has given me insight into egalitarian and unequal aspects of Irish secondary education and university admissions.

The Irish university application package is sparse, revolving around the Leaving Certificate, a multi-day standardized test that would make the SAT-wonks at Educational Testing Services at 666 Rosedale Road, Princeton NJ devilishly proud. Subject specific like the AP or IB exams, while designed to test thinking like the ACT or SAT, the Leaving Cert is a behemoth of a comprehensive exam.

At best, the undiluted influence of the exam in admissions means students from low-income families who work an after school job or care for siblings – and consequently cannot play sports or do extra–curricular activities – have as equal a shot at admission to the NUI, Trinity, Limerick, or DCU as a well-off student. At worst, students from low-income families do not have access to the very expensive, informal Leaving Cert university student led tutoring machine that whirs in suburbs around university campuses to the tune of 30 Euro/hour. This leaves a hole in the Irish national admissions process that needs to be fixed.

Like American foundations endowed by Gilded Age barons or more recent tech-era pioneers, Irish entrepreneurs turned iconoclastic philanthropists are similarly targeting inequality via analysis at foundations and charitable giving. I am involved with an initiative, enabled by an Irish entrepreneur and philanthropist, which is working to get Irish students simply excited about math education. We are facilitating a weekly online math problem competition that will culminate in a nation-wide MATHletes championship. Separately, there may be opportunities to link Khan Academy’s online learning platform to the Leaving Certificate curriculum, to serve as an online, free video-tutoring platform accessible to all Irish secondary school students. This would mitigate some of the inequality that stems from the costly, tutoring-centric culture.

In the US we take for granted the intellectual and financial might that lies behind major American foundations. Education in America has long captivated the attention of an institution like the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Being in Ireland has reminded me foundations are a unique part of American life, and being involved in this discussion led by Irish entrepreneurs and philanthropists about Irish education, has reminded me how essential they are to civic life.

Posted in Class of 2013, mathematics, University of Limerick | Leave a comment